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''ラテン語:Episcopi vagantes'' (singular: ''ラテン語:episcopus vagans'', Latin for wandering bishops or stray bishops) are those persons consecrated, in a "clandestine or irregular way," as Christian bishops outside the structures and canon law of the established churches; those regularly consecrated but later excommunicated, and not in communion with any generally recognized diocese; and those who have in communion with them small groups that appear to exist solely for the bishop's sake.〔 David V. Barrett, in ''Encyclopedia of new religious movements'', specifies that now ''ラテン語:episcopi vagantes'' are "those independent bishops who collect several different lines of transmission of apostolic succession, and who will happily (and sometimes for a fee) consecrate anyone who requests it." Those described as wandering bishops often see the term as pejorative. The general term for "wandering" clerics, as were common in the Middle Ages, is ''clerici vagantes''; the general term for those recognising no leader is ''acephali''. The ''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' mentions as the main lines of succession deriving from ''ラテン語:episcopi vagantes'' in the 20th century those founded by Arnold Mathew, Joseph René Vilatte, and Leon Chechemian.〔 Others that could be added are those derived from Aftimios Ofiesh, Carlos Duarte Costa, Emmanuel Milingo, and Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục. ==Theological issues== In Western Christianity it has traditionally been taught, since as far back as the time of the Donatist controversy of the fourth and fifth centuries, that any bishop can consecrate any other baptised man as a bishop provided that the bishop observes the minimum requirements for the sacramental validity of the ceremony. This means that the consecration is considered valid even if it flouts certain ecclesiastical laws, and even if the participants are schismatics or heretics. According to a theological view affirmed, for instance, by the International Bishops' Conference of the Old Catholic Church with regard to ordinations by Arnold Mathew, an episcopal ordination is for service within a specific Christian church, and an ordination ceremony that concerns only the individual himself does not make him truly a bishop.〔(Peter-Ben Smit, ''Old Catholic and Philippine Independent Ecclesiologies in History'' (BRILL 2011 ISBN 978-90-0420647-2), p. 197 )〕 The Holy See has not commented on the validity of this theory, but has declared with regard to ordinations of this kind carried out, for example, by Emmanuel Milingo, that the Church "does not recognize and does not intend to recognize in the future those ordinations or any of the ordinations derived from them and therefore the canonical state of the alleged bishops remains that in which they were before the ordination conferred by Mr Milingo".〔(''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'' CII (2010), p. 58 )〕 Other theologians also, notably those of the Eastern Orthodox Church, dispute the notion that such ordinations have effect, a notion that opens up the possibility of valid but irregular consecrations proliferating outside the structures of the "official" denominations. A Catholic ordained to the episcopacy without a mandate from the Pope is automatically excommunicated〔(Code of Canon Law, canon 1382 )〕 and is thereby forbidden to celebrate the sacraments, according to canon law.〔(Code of Canon Law, canon 1331 §1 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「episcopi vagantes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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